ࡱ> O( / 00DTimes New Romanll.-a0DArialNew Romanll.-a0 DWingdingsRomanll.-a00DComic Sans MSnll.-a0B@ .  @n?" dd@  @@`` \Tp B       63'&=(&&&'&+(567869?/;D//>:/@4A3/C<///G0H2I9//2M3N4//////////////////////////.kemnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~ <AA@8EQ ʚ;Vo8ʚ;g4_d_d* -a0ppp@ <4!d!d8))0l.<4dddd8))0l. <4dddd8K*0l0___PPT10 ___PPT9d\? %O =AZ Voluntary Business Environmental Management..(uDavid Ervin Professor, Environmental Studies Coordinator, Academic Sustainability Programs Portland State University OutlineWhy is  green business growing? What are the motivations? Preliminary results from Oregon survey What are the costs of going green? What roles can the public sector play to foster  voluntary environmental action? Take home messages6;';'BWhy is  green business growing? ""(vPollution problems persist and the public generally wants a cleaner environment. Government  command-and-control and  technology-design approaches are not solving some problems, e.g., nonpoint. Business compliance and government enforcement costs have increased sharply and have the potential to go much higher. <:@Why is  green business growing?!!(ZSome environmental groups see the limits of using legislation and the courts and now favor more collaborative approaches. Firms involved in global commerce see rewards for being green (ISO 14001). Net effect  More responsibility for environmental management is shifting to business firms and NGOs. .Z. 11. Mitigate and preempt environmental regulations22"(&Lower compliance costs Reduce or avoid noncompliance penalties Decrease transaction and administrative costs, i.e., reduce the  hassle factor Anticipate or preempt stricter future regulations Studies show stronger regulations induce more  voluntary green business action. Z//For your facility, please indicate the priority of complying with current government environmental regulations in encouraging environmental management in the last 5 years.2'}=1For your facility, please indicate the priority of being better prepared for meeting anticipated environmental regulations in encouraging environmental management in the last 5 years.2'22. Reduce waste and cost, and improve productivity33(rFoster product and process innovations through systems improvements (Michael Porter et al) Dow s  Waste Reduction Always Pays Xerox s  Env. Leadership Program Anecdotal cases; lack comprehensive data Larger firms and firms with older equipment or higher R&D are more likely to take pollution prevention action.>[ZGZZ[G C7LPlease indicate the extent to which  Environmentally friendly actions can reduce costs has influenced environmental management at your facility in the last 5 years. >\ ?eYPlease indicate the percentage of your facility s annual revenue spent on environmental management for the 2003 and 2004 calendar years. 03. Serve  green markets"(Green consumer markets are growing, e.g., organic foods, recycled paper, but are still small. Some supply chain markets are greening. Little evidence of consumer impact to date; firms closer to retail more affected. Investor pressures exert significant effects. An increasing number of investors are screening for firms with  acceptable environmental programs or performance. 4|ZR 3&Please indicate the extent that customer desire for environmentally friendly products and services has influenced environmental management at your facility in the last 5 years.2g @4'Please indicate the extent that customer willingness to pay higher prices for environmentally friendly products and services has influenced environmental management at your facility in the last 5 years.2 @9,For your facility, please indicate the priority of satisfying investor (owner) desires to reduce environmental risks and liabilities in encouraging environmental management in the last 5 years.2''4. Improved stakeholder risk management(((Financial, e.g., lending institutions Stakeholders, e.g., labor, local groups, NGOs interested in siting and operations. Legislative, e.g., maintaining  maximum social license to operate. Some evidence that firms are responsive to community stakeholder pressures. 6)Please indicate the extent that environmental interest groups perception that environmental protection is a critical issue has influenced environmental management at your facility in the last 5 years.2 @;.rFor your facility, please indicate the priority of satisfying lenders desires to reduce environmental risks and liabilities in encouraging environmental management in the last 5 years.2' /5. Respond to technical or financial assistance00"(`Public agencies and private organizations offer funds, training, information, etc. Examples: EPA Performance Track, Oregon Dept. of Energy, Zero Waste Alliance Could become a dominant approach for nonpoint pollution problems because of the difficulty of monitoring sources. Evidence shows significant effects for agriculture if targeted appropriately. "`ZZa  6. Manage competitors"(h First-mover firms gain a competitive advantage when public environmental standards rise. Dupont gained advantage in phasing out CFC s and offering new substitute. Innovative companies redefine markets in ways that disadvantage competitors Xerox s toner cartridge takeback program. Little formal analysis j[ZLZLZ*ZZ[LL*A5lPlease indicate the extent that  Improving environmental performance helps us keep up with competitors has influenced environmental management at your facility in the last 5 years. 2l AB6tPlease indicate the extent that  Environmentally friendly actions result in product or process innovations has influenced environmental management at your facility in the last 5 years. 2p A &7. The  CEO Effect (YCEO leads improved environmental performance for personal and strategic business reasons. Ray Anderson, Interface John Emrick, Norm Thompson David Yudkin, Hot Lips Pizza May be more feasible for privately held firms since they do not face stock market pressures. Lots of individual stories, but little study of the influence on broader industry.>ZPPPPZP G;XFor your facility, please indicate the extent of agreement or disagreement with  Facility upper management believes it has moral responsibility to protect the environment. &H<pFor your facility, please indicate the extent of agreement or disagreement with  Facility upper management supports protecting the environment even if substantial costs are incurred . !Costs of Going Green It Depends!""(Short term Reallocate labor to reduce environmental effect Purchase less toxic but more expensive inputs Disrupt normal operating processes Longer run Retraining of labor and management Invest in new equipment Develop new supplier and customer networks L  i i-Public Sector Roles to Support Green Business..(Set clear environmental performance targets and enforce compliance. Grant flexibility for firms to innovate low cost ways to meet the targets, e.g., trading. Deliver education and technical assistance to reduce adjustment costs. Foster market institutional innovations where appropriate, e.g., 3rd party certification schemes. Stimulate R&D for technologies that meet environmental and economic criteria. BlPP'mTake Home Messages(Environmental regulations are a critical factor in motivating pollution prevention. Investor pressures appear to be the broadest market influence on green business (to date). The best strategy for a firm to green or prevent pollution depends on its resource, market and regulatory conditions  There is no silver bullet approach! ,KlZlZLfZ  0#General Observations22 % of responding facilities are owned by a parent company. 13% of responding facilities are owned by multinational corporations. 10% are publicly traded, 88% are privately held, and 2% responded  other . 21% have R&D departments, either at the facility or at the parent firm. 46% sell directly into retail markets. "BPPC1$6General Observations cont dThe most frequently reported number of close competitors was 10 followed by 5 (ranged from 0-1000). Nearly 8% of the sample reported no close competitors, and one facility reported 1000! 291 facilities were not inspected by any environmental agency in 2004. Of those inspected, manufacturing facilities were inspected far more often than any other sector. Manufacturing facilities were inspected 222 times, Accommodation facilities 84 times, Transport facilities 53 times, and Construction facilities 50 times.  P2%6General Observations cont dAlthough the total number of inspections reported was 409 inspections, only 23 penalties, sanctions, or lawsuits were levied. Therefore, roughly 94.4% of the time, an inspection did not result in an infraction. The most often reported age bracket for upper management was 41-50, followed by 51-60. Proportionally, accommodation appears to have slightly younger management, reporting most often that upper management is 21-40 years old. Z/dghijklmno p q r s tuvwxyz{|}~b  0` f3f3` ff̙` ___` ff` 3ff3f>?" dd@,?lPd@   Z l<@ d`"  n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>>  8(   ^T y   "yZ   S B7 C DEHFPv @?q 6 6 n(dx  G b q %(@"B y2   ZG1?"  T܋gֳgֳ ?"P  T Click to edit Master title style! !  Ttgֳgֳ ?"``  X*R  T gֳgֳ ?"`   D* 2006 Portland State University"# " "  Tgֳgֳ ?"`   Z*$  0 "  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S`  Hd޽h? ?  f3f3 Soaring;  0 0 K(  T t  "tZ  S BsC5 DEHFPv @?3 r4 rv$[I_l3HxF 3 %(@" 2  3 CRENGCJRQ1? `TO`TR`TO`TRR`TRR"t  TMgֳgֳ ?"/O M T Click to edit Master title style! !  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R4.39b @`  < <̝ ?@ MFB @`  < <՝  ?"`n P  Q543b @`  < <$ߝ  ?"`N P n  Q135b @` < <   ?"`/ P N  P79b @` < <  ?"`P /  Q201b @` < <<  ?"`P  Q128b @` < <  ?"`@P  MNB @` < <  ?"`P n  P3.41B @` < <  ?"`P N n  R3.28b @` < <|  ?"`P / N  R3.71b @` < <   ?"`P  /  R3.57b @` < <|0  ?"`P   R3.09b @` < <:  ?"`P @  QMean*B @` < <" ?  S0.005b @` < <K ?@ PSig.B @` < <U ?N n  W AccommodationB @` < <^ ?n   OTotalB @` < <@g ?/ N  XTransportationB @` < <p ?/  W ManufacturingB @` < <|y ? V Construction  B @` < < ?@ PSectorB @`lB  < <o ?@@fB !< 61 ?fB "< 61 ?fB #< 61 ?/ / fB $< 61 ?N N lB %< <o ?  lB &< <o ?@ fB '< 61 ?@ lB (< <o ?@ fB )< 61 ?n n fB *< 61 ? @ fB +< 61 ?P @P fB ,< 61 ?@ fB -< 61 ?@  .< 0 `  ^,* Scale: 1 = no priority, 5 = great priority- 2-H < 0޽h ? f3f3___PPT10i.CG+D=' = @B +} 0 p$(  pr p S  `0   r p S H `  H p 0޽h ? f3f3___PPT10i.i`+D=' = @B + ! 0   .C0(  0~ 0 s *P     * @o  C0 #"*3RPP5@o   0 <h ?P : o  R1.25b @` 0 <  ?"`P :  R1.25b @` 0 <xʞ  ?"`P   R1.21b @` 0 <Ӟ  ?"`P H  R1.30b @` 0 <ܞ  ?"`P H R1.18b @`  0 <  ?"`P  U Std. Dev.  B @`  0 < ?o  R1.91b @`  0 <\ ? MFB @`  0 <  ?"`: o  Q534b @`  0 <   ?"` :  Q130b @` 0 <  ?"`  P77b @` 0 <\  ?"`H  Q199b @` 0 <`  ?"` H Q128b @` 0 <p   ?"`  MNB @` 0 <P8  ?"` : P o  R2.27b @` 0 <XA  ?"` P :  R2.36b @` 0 <`J  ?"` P  R2.14b @` 0 <hS  ?"` HP  R2.38b @` 0 <p\  ?"` P H R2.09b @` 0 <xe  ?"` P  QMean*B @` 0 <n ?@o  S0.127b @` 0 <w ?@ PSig.B @` 0 < ? :  W AccommodationB @` 0 < ?: o  OTotalB @` 0 < ?   XTransportationB @` 0 <x ?H  W ManufacturingB @` 0 < ?H V Construction  B @` 0 <d ? PSectorB @`lB  0 <o ?@fB !0 61 ?@fB "0 61 ?HHfB #0 61 ?  fB $0 61 ?  lB %0 <o ?o @o lB &0 <o ?o fB '0 61 ?o lB (0 <o ?@@o fB )0 61 ?: : fB *0 61 ?P P o fB +0 61 ?  o fB ,0 61 ?o fB -0 61 ?o  .0 0̳  `.* Scale: 1 = no influence, 5 = great influence/ 2/H 0 0޽h ? f3f3___PPT10i.Cɩ-+D=' = @B +  0  .3D(  D~ D s *|ɠ    x 0{  3D #"* >p  D <xѠ ? = {  R1.43b @` D <Π  ?"`  =  R1.43b @` D <l  ?"`   R1.50b @` D <  ?"`  R1.37b @` D <ޠ  ?"`  R1.44b @`  D <D  ?"`  U Std. Dev.  B @`  D <,  ?{  R2.13b @`  D < ? MFB @`  D <  ?"`=  {  Q504b @`  D <#  ?"`  =  Q119b @` D <4-  ?"`   P74b @` D <6  ?"`  Q188b @` D <>  ?"`  Q123b @` D <@H  ?"`  MNB @` D <(Q  ?"` = {  P2.42B @` D <Y  ?"`  =  R2.55b @` D <Xc  ?"`    R2.72b @` D <@l  ?"`   R2.34b @` D <t  ?"`   R2.26b @` D <p~  ?"`   QMean*B @` D <X ?0{  S0.096b @` D <  ?0 PSig.B @` D < ? =  W AccommodationB @` D < ?= {  OTotalB @` D <t ?  XTransportationB @` D <\ ? W ManufacturingB @` D < ? V Construction  B @` D <Hǡ ? PSectorB @`lB  D <o ?0fB !D 61 ?0fB "D 61 ?fB #D 61 ?fB $D 61 ?  lB %D <o ?{ 0{ lB &D <o ?{ fB 'D 61 ?{ lB (D <o ?00{ fB )D 61 ?= = fB *D 61 ?  { fB +D 61 ?  { fB ,D 61 ?{ fB -D 61 ?{  .D 0̡ ` : ^,* Scale: 1 = no priority, 5 = great priority- 2-H D 0޽h ? f3f3___PPT10i.CG+D=' = @B +y 0 ,$(  ,r , S  `   r , S    H , 0޽h ? f3f3___PPT10e.+D=' = @B +y 0 <$(  <r < S  `   r < S , 0   H < 0޽h ? f3f3___PPT10e.+D=' = @B +  0   p./`(  `~ ` s *    x `  /` #"*6 >`  ` < ?P   R1.38b @` ` <"  ?"`P   R1.39b @` ` <\+  ?"`P w   R1.38b @` ` <4  ?"`P _w  R1.34b @` ` <d&  ?"`P F_ R1.39b @`  ` <G  ?"`P F U Std. Dev.  B @`  ` <O ?F  R2.85b @`  ` <@Y ?F MFB @`  ` <J  ?"`P H  Q540b @`  ` <j  ?"`P H  Q138b @` ` <$t  ?"`Pw H  P74b @` ` <,}  ?"`P_H w  Q203b @` ` <4  ?"`PFH _ Q125b @` ` <<  ?"`PH F MNB @` ` <D  ?"`H P  P2.61B @` ` <L  ?"`H P  R2.85b @` ` <T  ?"`H w P  R2.28b @` ` <\  ?"`H _P w  R2.60b @` ` <d  ?"`H FP _ R2.55b @` ` <lŢ  ?"`H P F QMean*B @` ` <t΢ ?F`  U0.037c @` ` <|ע ?`F RSig.C @` ` < ? P  W AccommodationB @` ` < ? P  OTotalB @` ` < ?w P  XTransportationB @` ` <l ?_Pw  W ManufacturingB @` ` < ?FP_ V Construction  B @` ` <X  ?PF PSectorB @`lB  ` <o ?`fB !` 61 ?F`FfB "` 61 ?__fB #` 61 ?w w fB $` 61 ?  lB %` <o ? ` lB &` <o ? fB '` 61 ?PP lB (` <o ?`` fB )` 61 ?  fB *` 61 ?P P fB +` 61 ?H H fB ,` 61 ? fB -` 61 ?  .` 0~  8 `.* Scale: 1 = no influence, 5 = great influence/ 2/H ` 0޽h ? f3f3___PPT10i.CG+D=' = @B +  0  .1d(  d~ d s *\5    x 0K  1d #"* >0K  d < ? K  R1.30b @` d <)  ?"`   R1.31b @` d <dZ  ?"`   R1.31b @` d <V  ?"`  R1.30b @` d <<_  ?"`  R1.22b @`  d <@h  ?"`  U Std. Dev.  B @`  d <q ?K  R3.78b @`  d <z ? MFB @`  d <ȃ  ?"`  K  Q527b @`  d <Ќ  ?"`   Q132b @` d <ؕ  ?"`  P71b @` d <  ?"`  Q200b @` d <解  ?"`  Q124b @` d <  ?"`  MNB @` d <  ?"` K  P2.53B @` d <ã  ?"`  R2.76b @` d <̣  ?"`   R2.32b @` d <գ  ?"`   R2.61b @` d <ޣ  ?"`   R2.28b @` d <  ?"`   QMean*B @` d < ?0K  S0.011b @` d < ?0 PSig.B @` d < ?   W AccommodationB @` d <  ? K  OTotalB @` d < ?  XTransportationB @` d < ? W ManufacturingB @` d <<) ? V Construction  B @` d <X2 ? PSectorB @`lB  d <o ?0fB !d 61 ?0fB "d 61 ?fB #d 61 ?fB $d 61 ?  lB %d <o ?K 0K lB &d <o ?K fB 'd 61 ?K lB (d <o ?00K fB )d 61 ?  fB *d 61 ?  K fB +d 61 ?  K fB ,d 61 ?K fB -d 61 ?K  .d 0P7N `  `.* Scale: 1 = no influence, 5 = great influence/ 2/H d 0޽h ? f3f3___PPT10i.CG+D=' = @B +y 0 @$(  @r @ S 3    r @ S  Pp   H @ 0޽h ? f3f3___PPT10e.+D=' = @B +  0 .2x(  x~ x s *`    x 0  2x #"* >0  x <Dk ?   R0.91b @` x <Dt  ?"`   R0.95b @` x <|  ?"`   R0.89b @` x <   ?"`  R0.82b @` x <w  ?"` ` R0.98b @`  x <@  ?"` ` U Std. Dev.  B @`  x < ?`  R6.20b @`  x <h ?` MFB @`  x <  ?"`    O544B @`  x <  ?"`   O130B @` x <Lť  ?"`  N79B @` x <TΥ  ?"`  O207B @` x <\ץ  ?"``  O128B @` x <d  ?"` ` MNB @` x <l  ?"`   P4.29B @` x <t  ?"`  P4.19B @` x <|  ?"`   P4.37B @` x <  ?"`   P4.46B @` x <   ?"` `  P4.05B @` x <  ?"`  ` QMean*B @` x <! ?`0  T<0.001b @` x <) ?0` PSig.B @` x <2 ?   W AccommodationB @` x <<< ?   OTotalB @` x <- ?  XTransportationB @` x < N ? W ManufacturingB @` x <W ?` V Construction  B @` x <` ?` PSectorB @`lB  x <o ?0fB !x 61 ?`0`fB "x 61 ?fB #x 61 ?fB $x 61 ?  lB %x <o ? 0 lB &x <o ? fB 'x 61 ? lB (x <o ?00 fB )x 61 ?  fB *x 61 ?   fB +x 61 ?   fB ,x 61 ? fB -x 61 ?  .x 0f `  d2* Scale: 1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree3 23H x 0޽h ? f3f3___PPT10i.C`n+D=' = @B +  0 .3|(  |~ | s *Ā    x 0  3| #"* >0  | <P ?   R1.16b @` | <P  ?"`   R1.17b @` | <|  ?"`   R1.11b @` | <  ?"`  R1.07b @` | <  ?"` ` R1.22b @`  | <8  ?"` ` U Std. Dev.  B @`  | < ?`  R9.93b @`  | <`Ŧ ?` MFB @`  | <  ?"`    O540B @`  | <צ  ?"`   O130B @` | <D  ?"`  N75B @` | <L  ?"`  O208B @` | <T  ?"``  O127B @` | <\  ?"` ` MNB @` | <  ?"`   P3.43B @` | <   ?"`  P3.34B @` | <  ?"`   P3.45B @` | <!  ?"`   P3.72B @` | <)  ?"` `  P3.03B @` | <03  ?"`  ` QMean*B @` | <x$ ?`0  T<0.001b @` | <D ?0` PSig.B @` | <N ?   W AccommodationB @` | <W ?   OTotalB @` | <_ ?  XTransportationB @` | <i ? W ManufacturingB @` | <s ?` V Construction  B @` | <{ ?` PSectorB @`lB  | <o ?0fB !| 61 ?`0`fB "| 61 ?fB #| 61 ?fB $| 61 ?  lB %| <o ? 0 lB &| <o ? fB '| 61 ? lB (| <o ?00 fB )| 61 ?  fB *| 61 ?   fB +| 61 ?   fB ,| 61 ? fB -| 61 ?  .| 0( ` z d2* Scale: 1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree3 23H | 0޽h ? f3f3___PPT10i.C`n+D=' = @B +# 0 tP(  tr t S ȗ     t S p @<$ 0  H t 0޽h ? f3f3!!___PPT10b!.vT_+/D ' = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t %(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*t D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*t D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t ;%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*t ;D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*t ;D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t;i%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*t;iD' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*t;iD' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*ti%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*tiD' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*tiD' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*tD' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*tD' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*tD' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*tD' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*tD' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*tD' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*tD' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*t+8+0+t0 +w 0  xf(  xr x S l     x S  ` <$ 0  "p`PpH x 0޽h ? f3f3IA___PPT10!.wz=f+-D' = @B Dx' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D+' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*xD%(D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*xDD' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*xDD' =%(D+' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*xD%(D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*xDD' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*xDD' =%(D+' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*x%(D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*xD' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*xD' =%(D+' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*xG%(D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*xGD' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*xGD' =%(D+' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*xG%(D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*xGD' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*xG+8+0+x0 +] 0 0\f(  \r \ S ǧ     \ S  ҧ  <$ 0  "p`PpH \ 0޽h ? f3f3/'___PPT10.+̵D' է= @B Db' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D+' =%(D' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\T%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*\TD' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*\TD' =%(D+' =%(D' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\T%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*\TD' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*\TD' =%(D+' =%(D' =A@BBB B0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\K%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*\KD' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*\K+8+0+\0 +} 0 $(  r  S p P   r  S    H  0޽h ? f3f3___PPT10i.`H d+D=' = @B + 0 P0(  x  c $    x  c $ Pp  H  0޽h ? f3f3___PPT10i.C+D=' = @B +0 0 `0(  x  c $    x  c $    H  0޽h ? f3f380___PPT10.C{0 0 p 0(   x   c $     x   c $    H   0޽h ? f3f380___PPT10.C0&  0 p(  X  C `     S v` @    H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.|Uϥ 0 (  X  C `     S t,` @    H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.0DJ  0 (  X  C `     S ,` @    H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.0D1  0 (  X  C `     S ̩` @    H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.0DΣ  0 (  X  C `     S a` @    H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.0D?  /0   (   X   C `      S $ߔ` @    H   0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.0D?  10 0(  X  C `     S ` @    H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.0D  0 @(  X  C `     S  ` @    H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.0DD  70 P(  X  C `     S #` @    H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.0D  Y0 `(  X  C `     S L1` @    H  0޽h ? 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